Direct observation of biofouling in cross-flow microfiltration: mechanisms of deposition and release
نویسندگان
چکیده
A laboratory-scale membrane filtration cell was constructed to enable direct microscopic observation of microbial cell deposition and release in cross-flow microfiltration. Initial deposition rates determined from microscopic images were interpreted through an interaction force model. Experimentally derived deposition rates and model calculations confirmed that initial cell and particle deposition was governed by permeation drag and electrostatic double layer forces. Microbial deposition rates increased linearly with increasing permeation velocity over several orders o i d f r r t o ©
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